“A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.”
Show Notes
- Back to the Second Amendment for a moment
- In United States v. Cruikshank(1875), the Court ruled, “The right there specified is that of “bearing arms for a lawful purpose.” This is not a right granted by the Constitution. Neither is it in any manner dependent upon that instrument for its existence. The second amendment declares that it shall not be infringed, but this, as has been seen, means no more than that it shall not be infringed by Congress. This is one of the amendments that has no other effect than to restrict the powers of the national government.“
- Conversely, in Presser v. Illinois(1886), the Court ruled, “We think it clear that the sections under consideration, which only forbid bodies of men to associate together as military organizations, or to drill or parade with arms in cities and towns unless authorized by law, do not infringe the right of the people to keep and bear arms. But a conclusive answer to the contention that this amendment prohibits the legislation in question lies in the fact that the amendment is a limitation only upon the power of congress and the national government, and not upon that of the state.” and, “It is undoubtedly true that all citizens capable of bearing arms constitute the reserved military force or reserve militia of the United States as well as of the States, and in view of this prerogative of the general government, as well as of its general powers, the States cannot, even laying the constitutional provision in question out of view, prohibit the people from keeping and bearing arms, so as to deprive the United States of their rightful resource for maintaining the public security, and disable the people from performing their duty to the general government. But, as already stated, we think it clear that the sections under consideration do not have this effect.“
- In United States v. Miller(1939), the court ruled that the National Firearms Act, limiting certain types of firearms to be registered with a division of what later became the IRS, was not a violation of the Second Amendment. “In the absence of any evidence tending to show that possession or use of a “shotgun having a barrel of less than eighteen inches in length” at this time has some reasonable relationship to the preservation or efficiency of a well regulated militia, we cannot say that the Second Amendment guarantees the right to keep and bear such an instrument.“
- In District of Columbia v. Heller(2008), the court held that the Second Amendment protects an individual right to possess a firearm unconnected with service in a militia, and to use that arm for traditionally lawful purposes, such as self-defense within the home. None of the Court’s precedents forecloses the Court’s interpretation, for example, U.S. v. Miller does not limit the right to keep and bear arms to militia purposes, but rather limits the type of weapon to which the right applies to those used by the militia, i.e., those in common use for lawful purposes. It is not a right to keep and carry any weapon whatsoever in any manner whatsoever and for whatever purpose. “Although we do not undertake an exhaustive historical analysis today of the full scope of the Second Amendment, nothing in our opinion should be taken to cast doubt on longstanding prohibitions on the possession of firearms by felons and the mentally ill, or laws forbidding the carrying of firearms in sensitive places such as schools and government buildings, or laws imposing conditions and qualifications on the commercial sale of arms.” The dissent in the case, joined in by 4 out of 9 justices, points out that the mere fact the amendment specifically mentions the militia in its preamble suggests limitations on the scope of what the government cannot permit. However, the case only applied to the federal enclave that is Washington D.C. and there was no discussion on how this applied to the states.
- McDonald v. City of Chicago(2010), “We therefore hold that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment incorporates the Second Amendment right recognized in Heller“.
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